Tuberculosis (TB) is a serious bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, primarily affecting the lungs but also capable of spreading to other parts of the body. TB can be particularly dangerous in children, especially those with weakened immune systems. Although TB is less common in the United States than in other parts of the world, it remains a health concern, especially for children exposed to individuals with active TB. At Intown Pediatric & Adolescent Medicine, we offer comprehensive diagnosis, treatment, and preventive care for TB. With locations in Glenwood Park, Brookhaven, and Decatur, we proudly serve families across Atlanta.
What Is Tuberculosis (TB)?
TB is spread through airborne droplets when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or speaks. There are two types of TB:
Latent TB
The bacteria are present in the body, but the immune system keeps them inactive. Children with latent TB do not have symptoms and are not contagious.
Active TB
The bacteria are actively multiplying and causing symptoms. Active TB is contagious and can spread to others.
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Symptoms of Tuberculosis in Children
Symptoms of TB in children can vary based on whether they have latent TB or active TB. While latent TB does not cause symptoms, active TB can lead to a range of health issues. Common symptoms of active TB in children include:
Persistent Cough
A cough lasting more than three weeks, often producing mucus or, in some cases, blood.
Fever
A low-grade fever that can last for weeks.
Night Sweats
Profuse sweating, especially at night.
Weight Loss
Unexplained weight loss or failure to gain weight in children.
Fatigue Children
with TB may become unusually tired or lethargic.
Chest Pain
Pain in the chest, particularly when coughing or breathing.
Swollen Lymph Nodes
Swollen lymph nodes, especially around the neck.
In some cases, TB can spread beyond the lungs, causing symptoms such as joint pain, abdominal pain, or neurological issues, depending on the area of the body affected.
Diagnosing Tuberculosis in Children
If your child is at risk for TB or has been exposed to someone with active TB, your pediatrician may recommend screening and diagnostic tests, including:
TB Skin Test (Mantoux Test)
A small amount of tuberculin is injected under the skin, and the site is checked for a reaction 48 to 72 hours later. A raised bump indicates exposure to TB bacteria.
TB Blood Test
A blood test can be used to detect the presence of TB bacteria in the body. This test is often preferred for children who have had the BCG vaccine, which can interfere with the results of the skin test.
Chest X-ray
If a TB infection is suspected, a chest X-ray may be ordered to look for signs of active TB in the lungs.
Sputum Test
In older children, a sputum sample may be collected and analyzed for the presence of TB bacteria.
Treatment for Tuberculosis
Treatment for TB depends on whether your child has latent or active TB. Both types require a long course of antibiotics to prevent complications and stop the spread of the infection.
Latent TB
Treatment Children with latent TB are typically treated with antibiotics to prevent the bacteria from becoming active. Treatment usually involves taking one or more antibiotics for several months.
Active TB
Treatment Active TB requires a combination of antibiotics for at least 6 to 9 months. Your child will need to follow the treatment plan carefully to ensure that the bacteria are fully eradicated. Children with active TB may need to stay home from school or daycare until they are no longer contagious, which usually happens after a few weeks of treatment.
TB Vaccination (BCG Vaccine)
In countries where TB is more common, the Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine is often given to prevent severe forms of TB in young children. However, the BCG vaccine is not routinely used in the United States due to the low incidence of TB.
Who Should Get the BCG Vaccine?
The BCG vaccine may be recommended for children who will be living in or traveling to areas where TB is common, or for children who have been exposed to someone with drug-resistant TB.
Does the BCG Vaccine Prevent TB?
The BCG vaccine is effective in preventing severe forms of TB, such as TB meningitis, in children, but it does not always prevent infection or active TB in all cases.
For families concerned about TB exposure, our pediatricians at Intown Pediatric & Adolescent Medicine can discuss whether the BCG vaccine is appropriate for your child.
Preventing the Spread of Tuberculosis
Preventing TB begins with reducing exposure to individuals with active TB. Some key strategies include:
Early Diagnosis and Treatment
If your child has been exposed to TB, it’s important to seek medical care right away to determine if they have latent or active TB and to begin treatment if necessary.
Avoiding High-Risk Environments
If traveling to areas with a high incidence of TB, take precautions such as avoiding crowded places and ensuring your child has received appropriate vaccinations.
TB Screening for At-Risk Individuals
Regular TB screenings for children who may be at higher risk, such as those with family members from countries where TB is prevalent, can help detect latent TB before it becomes active.
When to See a Pediatrician
If your child has been exposed to someone with TB or is showing symptoms such as a persistent cough, fever, or unexplained weight loss, it’s important to contact your pediatrician for evaluation. Early diagnosis and treatment are critical to preventing serious complications and stopping the spread of the infection.
At Intown Pediatric & Adolescent Medicine, our team is dedicated to providing expert care for children with TB, offering comprehensive testing, treatment, and preventive care.
Frequently Asked Questions About Tuberculosis
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Yes, children with latent TB are not contagious and can continue their regular activities, including attending school, while undergoing treatment.
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Yes, the TB skin test is safe and commonly used to screen children for TB exposure. It involves a small injection under the skin and is generally well-tolerated.
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Treatment for latent TB typically lasts 3 to 9 months, depending on the medications prescribed. Treatment for active TB usually lasts at least 6 months and requires a combination of antibiotics.
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Contact your pediatrician immediately to arrange for TB testing. Early detection and treatment are key to preventing the infection from becoming active.
Schedule an Appointment for TB Care in Atlanta
If your child is at risk for tuberculosis or showing symptoms of TB, contact Intown Pediatric & Adolescent Medicine at (404) 446-4726 to schedule an appointment. Our team provides expert care at our locations in Glenwood Park, Brookhaven, and Decatur, serving families throughout Atlanta.